Headaches are a daily struggle for many of us. There are many treatments out there, from over-the-counter meds to alternative therapies, but some are turning to cannabis and its many chemical compounds for relief.
One of those compounds is terpenes. Terpenes are getting a lot of attention for their therapeutic effects. Known for giving cannabis its smell and taste, terpenes are more than just a pleasant aroma. These aromatic compounds are believed to interact with the body in ways that can affect mood, inflammation, and pain perception and potentially give relief for headaches.
In this article, we will look at the connection between terpenes and headaches and how some terpenes can help. Knowing these compounds will help you make informed decisions on how to incorporate terpenes into your headache management.
What are Terpenes?
Terpenes are the aromatic molecules found in many plants, including cannabis, and are essential to the plant’s survival. They are responsible for the smell and taste of different plants and the olfactory and gustatory experiences we associate with them. Terpenes are not the primary compounds that make a plant grow but are secondary metabolites. This means their production is not directly tied to the plant’s basic functions but serves other purposes like repelling pests, attracting pollinators, and protecting against environmental stressors.
Terpenes are produced in the resin glands of the cannabis flower, making up a big part of the plant’s aroma profile. The combination of terpenes in any given cannabis strain can be just as important as the cannabinoid content (THC and CBD) in determining the effect of the strain on the user. They not only affect the smell but also modulate the overall effect of cannabis, with some terpenes relaxing, alerting, or even pain relieving.
Terpenes and Headaches
The relationship between terpenes and headaches is complex. For some, terpenes can be a natural remedy for headache relief; for others, they can exacerbate discomfort and cause headaches or migraines. The effects of terpenes are highly individual and much depends on the terpene and the person’s body chemistry.
Some terpenes like beta-caryophyllene and beta-myrcene are anti-inflammatory. Inflammation is a contributor to headaches, especially in migraines or tension headaches. These terpenes can reduce swelling and irritation in the brain and potentially relieve pain and discomfort. They also have analgesic properties, which means they can directly affect pain perception.
On the other hand, terpenes like limonene found in citrus strains can have mood-enhancing benefits. By promoting a positive mental state, limonene can reduce anxiety and stress – two common triggers for headaches – and thus prevent or alleviate tension headaches. Additionally, specific terpenes like linalool can provide relief during a migraine attack by addressing anxiety and enhancing overall therapeutic effects.
Cannabis Strains and Terpene Profiles
Cannabis strains are as diverse as the people who consume them, and their effects can vary greatly based on the strain’s terpene profile. Strains high in THC are often used for their psychoactive effects, but the presence of certain terpenes can modify or enhance the therapeutic benefits of those strains.
Strains high in beta-caryophyllene, a terpene with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, may be good for pain management, including migraine pain. Beta-caryophyllene binds to CB2 receptors in the body and triggers a response that reduces inflammation, which is often a major contributor to the throbbing pain of migraines. Strains rich in CBD and limonene may be better for those who want to reduce stress, anxiety, or muscle tension – common precursors to headaches – without the psychoactive effects of THC.
When choosing a cannabis strain for headache relief, you need to pay attention to the terpene content, as this will play a big part in the strain’s overall effectiveness. This is where understanding and identifying the terpenes in your cannabis of choice can be super helpful.
Migraine Pain and Terpenes
Migraine pain is complex and often involves a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. While the exact cause of migraines is not fully understood, it’s believed that changes in the brain’s neurochemistry and blood flow contribute to the pain. Inflammation in the brain and surrounding tissues is also thought to be a major contributor to migraine pain.
Beta-caryophyllene and beta-myrcene have been shown to reduce this type of inflammation and potentially reduce the frequency of migraine attacks. They work by interacting with the body’s endocannabinoid system, which regulates various physiological processes, including pain perception. By modulating pain and inflammation, terpenes can reduce the severity of migraines.
Also, terpenes can have a calming effect, which can prevent migraines triggered by stress. For example, limonene and linalool, both known for their stress-relieving properties, can reduce the psychological factors that can contribute to migraines, like anxiety and tension.
Managing Migraine Headaches with Terpenes
Terpenes won’t replace traditional migraine treatments but can be an effective add-on therapy to overall migraine management. Essential oils, topical creams, or vaporized cannabis products with terpenes like beta-caryophyllene and beta-myrcene can provide additional relief from migraine symptoms. These can be used with prescribed medications or other treatments to provide a more holistic approach to migraine management.
However, be cautious of potential interactions between terpenes and medications. Consult with a healthcare professional before adding terpenes to your migraine treatment plan, especially if you have complex health conditions or are taking multiple medications.
Terpene Effects on the Body
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Inflammation is a common factor in many types of headaches, including migraines. Terpenes like beta-caryophyllene and beta-myrcene are known for their anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds bind to the body’s CB2 receptors, mainly in the immune system, where they modulate the immune response and reduce inflammation. By reducing inflammation in the brain where it can contribute to migraine pain and visual disturbances like blurred vision and seeing spots, these terpenes may be helpful in managing symptoms.
Mood-Enhancing Effects
Many terpenes have a big impact on mood. Limonene, for example, is used for its uplifting and anxiolytic effects. It can promote feelings of happiness and well-being and alleviate symptoms of stress and anxiety. Since tension and stress are major headache triggers for many people, terpenes that manage mood can be a tool to prevent headaches from happening in the first place. By reducing emotional triggers, limonene may reduce the chance of getting a headache.
Linalool, another terpene known for its calming effects, also has mood-enhancing effects. It can be especially useful in relaxing the body and mind and reducing muscle tension that comes with stress, which can also contribute to headaches.
Sedative Effects
Terpenes like myrcene and linalool have sedative effects and are good for people who have sleep or anxiety issues. These terpenes can promote deep relaxation, reduce stress, and reduce physical tension that builds up in the body and contributes to headaches. Sedative terpenes are especially good when taken before bedtime as they can improve sleep quality and prevent tension headaches.
Potential Drawbacks of Terpenes
While terpenes have many benefits, they are not without potential drawbacks. Some people may experience side effects from terpenes, especially when taken in high concentrations. These side effects can be mild irritation, allergic reaction, nausea or even headaches. Some terpenes can also interact with medications and worsen underlying health conditions.
For example, some terpenes can cause adverse reactions in people who are sensitive to certain plants or have pre-existing respiratory issues. So it’s best to start with a small dose and observe how the body reacts before increasing consumption, especially for those with known sensitivities.
Finding Cannabis Products with Terpenes
When looking for cannabis products for terpene content, it’s important to choose products that have been tested for terpene profiles. Many dispensaries now have detailed information on the terpene content of their products so consumers can make informed decisions. Products with clear labeling on the specific terpenes they contain can guide you to a strain that may be good for you, whether for headache relief or overall well-being.
Consulting with a knowledgeable budtender or healthcare professional can also help you find which strain may be best for your headache symptoms. Be sure to disclose any medical conditions or medications you are taking, as terpenes can interact with drugs and cause unintended effects.
Conclusion
In conclusion, terpenes play a crucial role in the therapeutic effects of cannabis, particularly in the treatment of migraines and headaches. By understanding the different types of terpenes and their unique properties, individuals can make informed decisions about their cannabis use and find the best strains for their specific needs. Whether it’s for migraine relief, chronic pain management, or simply to enhance the overall cannabis experience, terpenes are a natural and effective solution.
In the end, it’s all about finding the right balance of terpenes and cannabinoids to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. Whether you’re a seasoned cannabis user or just starting out, understanding the power of terpenes can help you unlock the full potential of cannabis and take control of your health.
Dr. Rothman is a diplomate of the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology. He has received multiple special awards and recognitions, including Physician of the Year, from the Pinellas County Medical Association (2014 – 2015) and the President’s Service Award from the Pinellas County Medical Society.
He attended medical school at State University of New York Upstate Medical Center in Syracuse, New York, where he also completed his Obstetrics and Gynecology residency. In addition to practicing medicine, Dr. Rothman’s professional career includes being an Assistant Professor at the University of South Florida and Clinical Instructor at the University of Tampa’s College of Nursing.
Dr. Rothman received his Florida Medical Marijuana Physicians Certification in 2016 and was one of the first recommending physicians through DocMJ in the state and is loved by many of those early patients today.