Medical Marijuana Resource Guide for Epilepsy Patients: A Complete Patient & Caregiver Resource Guide

Epilepsy is a neurological condition that causes repeated seizures, and it can show up differently for everyone. While some people are able to manage it with standard medications, others continue to have seizures despite treatment.  Because of this, many are starting to look into other options, including medical marijuana and therapies derived from cannabis. In this guide, we’ll walk through what epilepsy is, how cannabinoids may affect the brain, what current research suggests, and what to keep in mind when considering these alternatives.

1. Epilepsy and Emerging Treatment Options

Epilepsy affects millions of people and can disrupt daily life in ways that are difficult to predict. Managing epilepsy often involves a combination of medications, lifestyle adjustments, and, in some cases, surgical or device-based treatments. While many people achieve good seizure control, others continue to experience seizures and may need to explore additional options. In recent years, medical marijuana has become a growing area of interest. Certain cannabis-derived compounds are being studied for their potential to reduce seizure frequency, particularly in individuals with treatment-resistant epilepsy. This guide focuses on where medical marijuana fits within the broader range of epilepsy treatments. It explains how epilepsy affects the brain, how cannabinoids may influence seizure activity, what current research shows, and what risks to consider. The information provided is for educational purposes and should not replace guidance from your neurologist.

2. What Is Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition that causes repeated seizures. A seizure occurs when electrical signals in the brain become unusually intense or disorganized. These abnormal signals interrupt normal communication between brain cells and may affect movement, awareness, sensation, or behavior. You may experience epilepsy differently depending on which parts of the brain are involved. Some people lose awareness during a seizure, while others remain conscious but experience muscle jerking or unusual sensations. The condition varies widely from patient to patient. Doctors diagnose epilepsy when a person has two or more unprovoked seizures separated by at least twenty-four hours. Unprovoked means the seizures do not occur because of fever, alcohol withdrawal, or another temporary trigger. Understanding epilepsy requires looking at how the brain normally controls electrical activity.

2.1 Definition

Your brain contains billions of nerve cells called neurons. These cells communicate using electrical impulses and chemical signals. Under normal conditions, neurons fire in a controlled and organized pattern. In epilepsy, groups of neurons fire rapidly and simultaneously. This sudden electrical surge disrupts normal brain function, triggering a seizure. Epilepsy is considered a spectrum disorder. Some patients experience rare seizures that respond well to medication. Others face frequent seizures that resist treatment. Doctors classify epilepsy as a neurological disorder because the problem begins in the brain rather than in muscles or other organs. The condition may develop because of genetics, brain injury, infection, developmental conditions, or unknown causes. Many patients never discover a specific cause. In those cases, doctors describe the condition as idiopathic epilepsy.

2.2 How Seizures Occur

Seizures occur when the balance between excitatory and inhibitory signals in the brain shifts. Excitatory neurotransmitters increase electrical activity between neurons. Inhibitory neurotransmitters slow that activity and help maintain stability. Two key neurotransmitters play major roles in seizure control.

• Glutamate increases neural activity. Excess glutamate signaling can contribute to seizure activity.
• Gamma aminobutyric acid, often called GABA, slows neural firing and stabilizes brain circuits.

When this balance breaks down, neurons begin firing rapidly and synchronously. The result is a seizure. The location of the abnormal electrical activity determines how the seizure appears. If activity begins in one region of the brain, symptoms may affect only certain muscles or senses. If the activity spreads across both hemispheres, the seizure may involve the entire body. Triggers can also influence seizure activity. Lack of sleep, stress, flashing lights, illness, or medication changes may increase the likelihood of a seizure in some patients. Doctors often recommend seizure tracking because patterns sometimes emerge over time. Tracking helps patients and neurologists identify triggers and evaluate treatment response.

2.3 Types of Epilepsy

Epilepsy includes several seizure types. Understanding the differences helps doctors select appropriate treatment plans. The most common categories include the following.

• Focal seizures

These seizures begin in one specific area of the brain. Symptoms depend on the region affected. You may notice twitching in one limb, unusual sensations, sudden fear, or changes in awareness.

• Generalized seizures

Generalized seizures affect both sides of the brain at onset, disrupting consciousness and motor control. Common forms include absence, tonic, atonic, and tonic-clonic seizures, each with distinct symptoms and severity.

• Unknown onset seizures

Unknown onset seizures occur when doctors cannot determine where seizure activity begins in the brain. This usually occurs when the event is unwitnessed or when diagnostic testing does not clearly identify the seizure’s onset.

• Drug-resistant epilepsy

This form occurs when seizures continue despite treatment with two appropriate anti-seizure medications. Patients in this group often search for additional therapies, including medical cannabis. Each seizure type requires careful diagnosis because treatment strategies differ. Neurologists usually rely on electroencephalogram testing, brain imaging, and clinical history to determine the seizure category.

2.4 Prevalence and Statistics

Epilepsy affects a large portion of the global population. Current estimates suggest that more than fifty million people worldwide live with the condition. In the United States alone, this study shows that about three million adults and nearly half a million children have epilepsy. The condition appears across all age groups, but diagnosis often occurs in early childhood or later adulthood. Pediatric epilepsy presents unique challenges. Developing brains respond differently to medications, and some children experience severe seizure syndromes that begin in infancy. Adults may develop epilepsy after a stroke, head injury, brain infection, or tumors. In other cases, doctors cannot identify a clear cause. Research also shows that about one-third of epilepsy patients develop drug-resistant seizures. These patients continue experiencing seizures despite trying multiple medications. This treatment gap explains why families and patients increasingly explore additional therapies such as dietary treatment, neurostimulation devices, and cannabis based medications. Understanding the limits of conventional treatments provides important context before discussing medical marijuana.

3. Conventional Treatments for Epilepsy

Doctors treat epilepsy with several established medical approaches. The goal is to reduce seizure frequency and improve safety and daily functioning. Most treatment plans begin with medication. If seizures continue, neurologists may recommend additional therapies such as surgery, implanted devices, or dietary treatment. Each option carries potential benefits and risks. Understanding these treatments helps you evaluate where cannabis based therapies might fit within a broader care plan.

3.1 Anti Epileptic Drugs

Anti epileptic drugs, often called AEDs, represent the first-line treatment for most patients. These medications work by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain. Different drugs act on different neural pathways. Some increase inhibitory signals, such as GABA. Others reduce excitatory signaling by blocking sodium or calcium channels. Doctors select medications based on seizure type, age, medical history, and potential side effects. Commonly prescribed medications include:

• Levetiracetam
• Valproate
• Lamotrigine
• Carbamazepine
• Topiramate 

Many patients achieve good seizure control with medication. In fact, findings published by the WHO show that roughly two-thirds of people with epilepsy experience significant seizure reduction when taking appropriate drugs. However, medication does not work for everyone. Some patients continue experiencing seizures despite trying multiple drugs. Side effects also present challenges. Patients may experience fatigue, dizziness, mood changes, cognitive slowing, or gastrointestinal discomfort. For children, medication effects on attention, behavior, and development may raise additional concerns. When medications fail to control seizures, neurologists evaluate additional treatment strategies.

3.2 Epilepsy Surgery

Surgery may help certain patients whose seizures begin in a clearly defined brain region. Surgeons remove or disconnect the area that generates abnormal electrical activity. Before recommending surgery, doctors conduct detailed evaluations that may include brain imaging, EEG monitoring, and neuropsychological testing. The goal is to remove seizure generating tissue while preserving essential brain functions such as speech and memory. Surgical procedures vary depending on the location of seizure activity. In some cases, removing a small section of brain tissue significantly reduces seizure frequency. Surgery does not work for every patient. Some seizure patterns involve multiple brain regions, making surgery less effective. However, for carefully selected patients, surgery can dramatically reduce seizures and improve quality of life.

3.3 Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Vagus nerve stimulation, often called VNS, involves implanting a small device under the skin in the chest. The device sends electrical signals to the vagus nerve in the neck. These signals travel to the brain and help regulate neural activity. Doctors program the device to deliver pulses at regular intervals. Patients usually continue taking medication while using the device. Over time, many patients experience fewer or less severe seizures. The therapy does not eliminate seizures completely for most patients. However, it may provide meaningful improvement when medication alone does not work. Side effects may include hoarseness, throat discomfort, coughing, or changes in voice during stimulation. Despite these effects, many patients tolerate the therapy well.

3.4 Ketogenic Diet

The ketogenic diet is a medical nutrition therapy used primarily for pediatric epilepsy. The diet contains high fat, moderate protein, and very low carbohydrate intake. This metabolic shift forces the body to produce ketones as an energy source. Researchers believe ketones may stabilize neural activity and reduce seizure frequency. Children following the ketogenic diet often require close supervision from dietitians and neurologists. The diet demands strict adherence and careful monitoring. Some children experience significant seizure reduction. Others see more modest improvements. Potential side effects include constipation, kidney stones, nutrient deficiencies, and elevated cholesterol levels. Despite these concerns, the ketogenic diet remains an important option for children with difficult-to-treat epilepsy.

3.5 Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy

Doctors define treatment-resistant epilepsy as persistent seizures after trying two appropriate medications at adequate doses. This group represents roughly thirty percent of epilepsy patients. For these individuals, seizure control becomes more complex. Neurologists may combine medications, consider surgical evaluation, or introduce neurostimulation therapies. Because seizures continue despite standard treatments, patients and families often explore additional therapies. Cannabis based treatments entered this conversation after researchers observed seizure reductions in certain patients using cannabidiol. Understanding how cannabis compounds interact with brain systems requires examining a biological network known as the endocannabinoid system.

4. Understanding the Endocannabinoid System

To understand why cannabis compounds may affect seizures, you first need to understand a biological network called the endocannabinoid system. Scientists discovered this system while studying how cannabis interacts with the human body. Researchers later found that the system exists naturally in the brain and throughout the nervous system. The endocannabinoid system helps regulate many important functions. These include mood, memory, sleep, inflammation, pain perception, and neural signaling. Because seizures involve abnormal electrical signaling in the brain, scientists began studying whether this system influences seizure activity. The system works through a combination of receptors, signaling molecules, and enzymes. Together, these components help maintain balance in neural communication. When the system functions properly, it helps regulate how strongly neurons communicate with each other. If that balance shifts, excessive electrical activity can occur. This imbalance plays a role in seizure disorders. Understanding this system provides a foundation for understanding how cannabis compounds may influence seizure control.

4.1 What Is the ECS?

The endocannabinoid system consists of three main parts. These include cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids, and enzymes that break down signaling molecules. Cannabinoid receptors sit on the surface of many cells in the body. Two receptors appear most often in research. CB1 receptors appear primarily in the brain and central nervous system. These receptors influence memory, movement, pain signaling, and neural communication. CB2 receptors appear mainly in immune cells and peripheral tissues. These receptors influence inflammation and immune response. When signaling molecules bind to these receptors, they change how cells communicate. In the brain, this interaction affects neurotransmitter release between neurons. Your body produces its own cannabinoid like molecules called endocannabinoids. The two most studied molecules are anandamide and two arachidonoylglycerol. These molecules travel across synapses and bind to cannabinoid receptors. Their main role is to regulate communication between neurons and prevent excessive signaling. After these molecules complete their job, enzymes break them down quickly. This process keeps the system tightly controlled. Scientists believe this regulatory function may play a role in seizure activity. When neural signaling becomes excessive, the endocannabinoid system may attempt to restore balance.

4.2 How the ECS Affects Seizure Activity

The brain relies on precise control of neurotransmitters. When neurons release too many excitatory signals, seizure activity may occur. The endocannabinoid system appears to help regulate this process. Endocannabinoids travel backward across synapses and reduce excessive neurotransmitter release. This process is known as retrograde signaling. It allows the receiving neuron to send feedback to the transmitting neuron, slowing further signal release. In epilepsy research, scientists study how cannabinoid receptors influence excitatory and inhibitory pathways. Activation of these receptors can reduce excessive glutamate release while supporting inhibitory signaling. Researchers also examine the neuroprotective properties of cannabinoid signaling. Neuroprotection refers to the ability of certain compounds to protect neurons from damage caused by excessive electrical activity. Repeated seizures can damage neural networks over time. Some researchers believe cannabinoids may help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. Although this area of research continues to develop, the interaction between the endocannabinoid system and seizure activity provides an important biological explanation for cannabis based therapies. This scientific foundation explains why researchers began studying specific cannabis compounds in epilepsy treatment.

5. How Medical Marijuana May Help Epilepsy

Medical marijuana contains many chemical compounds known as cannabinoids. More than one hundred cannabinoids exist in the cannabis plant, but only a few have been studied extensively for epilepsy. Two compounds receive the most attention in seizure research. These are cannabidiol, often called CBD, and tetrahydrocannabinol, known as THC. These compounds interact with the endocannabinoid system differently. One produces intoxicating effects while the other does not. Researchers focus heavily on cannabidiol because it appears to reduce seizure frequency in certain patients. However, other cannabinoids may also influence neural signaling. Understanding how each compound works helps patients and caregivers make informed decisions about treatment options.

5.1 Role of CBD

Cannabidiol does not produce the intoxicating effects associated with cannabis. This characteristic makes it particularly important in medical research involving children and adults with neurological conditions. Scientists continue studying exactly how CBD reduces seizure activity. Unlike THC, CBD does not bind strongly to CB1 receptors in the brain. Instead, CBD influences several molecular pathways that regulate neural signaling. Research suggests that CBD may affect calcium channels involved in neuronal excitability. Calcium movement within neurons plays a role in electrical signaling and seizure activity. CBD may also influence serotonin receptors that regulate mood and neural stability. In addition, researchers observe effects on inflammatory pathways that contribute to neurological disorders. Several clinical studies show that CBD treatment reduces seizure frequency in certain forms of severe epilepsy. These conditions include rare childhood syndromes that do not respond well to traditional medications. Because CBD does not cause intoxication, doctors can study it at medically meaningful doses without producing cognitive impairment. This characteristic helped support the development of prescription CBD medications for epilepsy.

5.2 Role of THC

Tetrahydrocannabinol is the compound responsible for the intoxicating effects associated with cannabis. THC binds strongly to CB1 receptors in the brain. Activation of these receptors alters perception, mood, memory, and coordination. Because seizures involve neural activity, researchers also examine whether THC affects seizure signaling. Some laboratory studies suggest that THC may reduce seizure activity under certain conditions. However, the compound also carries neurological risks, particularly for children and adolescents. High THC exposure may affect memory, attention, and cognitive development in young patients. For this reason, most epilepsy research focuses on cannabidiol rather than THC. In medical cannabis programs, doctors often recommend formulations with very low THC content when treating seizure disorders. These formulations aim to deliver therapeutic cannabinoids while limiting psychoactive effects. Patients considering cannabis based therapies should discuss THC exposure carefully with their neurologist.

5.3 Whole Plant Versus Isolated Cannabinoids

Cannabis contains many active compounds beyond CBD and THC. These include minor cannabinoids and aromatic compounds known as terpenes. Some researchers study a phenomenon known as the entourage effect. This theory suggests that multiple cannabis compounds may work together to influence biological activity. Under this concept, whole-plant extracts containing multiple cannabinoids might produce effects different from those of purified CBD alone. However, clinical research on epilepsy focuses primarily on purified cannabidiol. Controlled studies require consistent dosing and standardized compounds. Whole plant products may vary in cannabinoid concentration depending on cultivation and extraction methods. For this reason, physicians often prefer pharmaceutical-grade preparations when treating neurological conditions. Patients should understand that dispensary products and prescription medications may differ significantly in purity, potency, and consistency.

6. FDA Approved Cannabis Based Medication

The most significant milestone in cannabis based epilepsy treatment occurred when the United States Food and Drug Administration approved a purified cannabidiol medication called Epidiolex. This approval marked the first time a cannabis derived compound received federal authorization for epilepsy treatment. The decision followed extensive clinical trials that evaluated safety, dosing, and seizure reduction in specific epilepsy syndromes. Approval provided physicians with a regulated cannabis based medication supported by controlled research. Understanding this medication helps patients distinguish between prescription CBD therapy and retail cannabis products.

6.1 Epidiolex

Epidiolex is a purified oral solution of cannabidiol. The medication contains CBD derived from cannabis but does not produce intoxicating effects. Doctors prescribe the medication for specific forms of severe epilepsy. These include Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex. These conditions often begin during childhood and frequently resist conventional medications. Many patients experience frequent seizures despite trying multiple drugs. Clinical trials examined whether purified cannabidiol could reduce seizure frequency in these patients. In several studies, participants who received CBD experienced meaningful seizure reduction compared with placebo groups. In this study in the New England Journal of Medicine, some patients saw reductions of thirty to forty percent in certain seizure types. Individual responses varied, but the results provided clear evidence of benefit for many participants. Doctors prescribe the medication as an oral liquid taken daily. Dosing usually begins at a lower level and increases gradually under medical supervision. Common side effects reported in studies include fatigue, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and elevated liver enzymes. Because the medication can interact with other seizure drugs, doctors monitor liver function and medication levels during treatment. Epidiolex represents an important example of how cannabis compounds can move through traditional drug development and regulatory approval.

7. Research and Clinical Evidence

Scientific interest in cannabis based epilepsy treatment increased dramatically during the past two decades. Researchers began conducting controlled studies after anecdotal reports suggested seizure reductions in some patients using cannabidiol. Clinical trials now provide stronger evidence regarding the effects of CBD on seizure disorders. Researchers evaluate several outcomes when studying epilepsy treatments. These include seizure frequency, seizure severity, safety profile, and long-term tolerability. Multiple clinical trials involving pediatric epilepsy syndromes demonstrate measurable seizure reduction in patients treated with cannabidiol. In this study, nearly half of the participants experienced seizure reductions of more than 50%. These results do not mean CBD works for every patient. However, they show that cannabinoid based therapy can produce clinically meaningful improvement in certain populations. Adult epilepsy research remains more limited but continues to expand. Some observational studies report seizure reduction in adults with treatment-resistant epilepsy using cannabidiol. Researchers also conduct meta-analyses that combine results from multiple studies. These analyses help scientists identify overall trends across large patient groups. Many meta-analyses confirm that purified cannabidiol reduces seizure frequency in specific severe epilepsy syndromes. Ongoing clinical trials continue to investigate dosing strategies, long-term safety, and potential benefits in additional epilepsy types. Researchers also study how cannabinoids interact with existing anti-seizure medications. Understanding these interactions helps doctors design safe treatment plans. Although research continues, current evidence shows that cannabidiol can reduce seizure frequency in certain patients when used under medical supervision. This growing body of research explains why cannabis based therapies have become an important topic in modern epilepsy care.

8. Benefits of Medical Marijuana for Epilepsy

Medical marijuana attracts attention in epilepsy care because certain cannabis compounds may reduce seizure activity. Research on cannabidiol shows measurable seizure reduction in some patients, especially those with treatment-resistant epilepsy. While cannabis does not cure epilepsy, it may play a role in seizure management for selected patients. You should view cannabis treatment as one component of a broader care plan. Neurologists often combine it with conventional medications and other therapies. When used carefully under medical supervision, some patients experience meaningful improvement in daily life.

8.1 Seizure Frequency Reduction

The most important potential benefit involves seizure reduction. Several clinical studies show that cannabidiol can lower seizure frequency in certain forms of epilepsy. Patients with severe childhood syndromes sometimes report fewer seizures after starting CBD therapy. Some individuals experience reductions of thirty to fifty percent. These improvements can significantly affect safety and daily functioning. Lower seizure frequency may reduce the risk of injury and emergency medical visits. It may also improve your ability to participate in school, work, or family activities.

8.2 Reduced Seizure Severity

Even when seizures continue, some patients report changes in seizure intensity. Episodes may become shorter or less physically disruptive. Reduced severity may allow faster recovery after a seizure. You may experience less confusion, fatigue, or muscle soreness afterward. Families sometimes notice that patients regain awareness more quickly after episodes. This improvement can reduce the emotional stress that seizures place on both patients and caregivers.

8.3 Improved Sleep

Sleep disruption frequently affects people with epilepsy. Seizures may occur during the night, and certain medications can alter sleep patterns. Some patients using CBD report improved sleep quality. More stable sleep patterns may support overall neurological health. Better sleep also reduces one common seizure trigger. When sleep improves, some patients experience better seizure control.

8.4 Reduced Anxiety

Living with unpredictable seizures often produces anxiety. Patients may worry about when the next episode will occur. Cannabidiol interacts with serotonin receptors involved in mood regulation. Some research suggests that CBD may reduce anxiety in certain individuals. Lower anxiety may help you manage stress related to epilepsy. Reduced stress may also help limit seizure triggers in some patients.

8.5 Quality of Life Improvements

Quality of life includes many factors beyond seizure counts. Energy levels, concentration, mood, and independence all contribute to how patients experience daily life. Some families report that CBD treatment allows patients to participate more fully in daily activities. Improved alertness and emotional stability may occur when seizure control improves. Quality of life improvements remain an important outcome in epilepsy research. Even moderate seizure reduction can make a meaningful difference in daily functioning.

8.6 Possible Neuroprotective Effects

Researchers also examine whether cannabinoids protect neurons from damage caused by repeated seizures. Laboratory studies show that cannabinoids may reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in brain tissue. These processes can contribute to neurological injury during frequent seizures. Scientists continue studying these effects in human patients. While evidence remains early, neuroprotection represents an important area of future research.

9. Risks and Side Effects

Every medical treatment carries potential risks. Cannabis based therapies are no exception. While many patients tolerate cannabidiol well, side effects can occur. You should always discuss cannabis treatment with a neurologist who understands your seizure history and medication plan. Careful monitoring helps reduce complications. Understanding potential side effects allows you to recognize problems early and seek medical guidance.

9.1 Fatigue

Fatigue represents one of the most frequently reported side effects of cannabidiol treatment. You may feel unusually tired or experience reduced energy during the day. Some patients adjust to this effect as treatment continues, while others require dose adjustments. Doctors often begin treatment with lower doses and increase gradually. This approach helps reduce unwanted effects.

9.2 Digestive Changes

Some patients experience gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea or stomach discomfort. These symptoms occur more often with higher doses. Doctors may adjust dosing schedules or recommend taking medication with food to reduce digestive effects. Monitoring your symptoms and reporting changes to your physician remains important during treatment.

9.3 Appetite Changes

Cannabinoids can influence appetite in different ways depending on the compound and dose. Some patients report decreased appetite during CBD therapy.  Because proper nutrition supports growth and brain development, children receiving treatment require careful monitoring.  Doctors may track weight, dietary intake, and growth patterns during treatment to prevent nutritional problems.

9.4 Liver Enzyme Elevation

Clinical studies show that cannabidiol can increase liver enzyme levels in some patients. Liver enzymes are proteins measured through blood tests that help doctors evaluate liver health. Elevated levels may signal stress on the liver. For this reason, physicians often order periodic blood tests during treatment. Monitoring allows doctors to detect changes early and adjust therapy if needed.

9.5 THC Related Cognitive Effects

Products that contain higher levels of THC can produce noticeable cognitive effects. These may include reduced attention, slower thinking, memory problems, and changes in perception.  Young patients may face greater risks because their brains are still developing and remain sensitive to psychoactive compounds.  For epilepsy treatment, doctors usually recommend products with very low THC content.

9.6 Drug Interactions

Cannabidiol can interact with other medications. This interaction occurs because CBD influences enzymes in the liver that process many drugs. Certain anti-seizure medications may increase or decrease in concentration when combined with cannabidiol. These interactions may alter drug effectiveness or increase side effects. Neurologists carefully monitor medication levels when patients begin CBD therapy. Never adjust seizure medications without physician guidance.

10. Who May Be a Candidate?

Not every epilepsy patient requires cannabis based therapy. Many individuals achieve good seizure control with conventional medications. However, certain groups may consider medical marijuana under medical supervision. Evaluating candidacy requires careful assessment by a neurologist familiar with epilepsy care. You should never begin cannabis treatment without professional guidance. Proper evaluation ensures that treatment decisions take safety and medical history into account.

10.1 Patients With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy represent the most common candidates for cannabis based therapy. Drug resistance means seizures continue despite appropriate trials of two or more anti-seizure medications. In these cases, neurologists may explore additional treatment strategies. Cannabidiol may become part of that broader treatment plan.

10.2 Pediatric Patients Under Specialist Care

Some severe childhood epilepsy syndromes respond poorly to standard medications. Conditions such as Dravet syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome may involve frequent seizures beginning in early childhood. Specialists sometimes prescribe purified cannabidiol for these patients under close medical supervision. Children receiving treatment require careful monitoring for side effects and developmental changes.

10.3 Adults With Persistent Seizures

Adults who continue experiencing seizures despite medication may discuss cannabis therapy with their neurologist.  Treatment decisions depend on seizure type, medical history, current medications, and possible drug interactions.  Adults may tolerate cannabinoid therapy differently than children, but careful medical supervision remains essential to ensure safe dosing and proper seizure management.

10.4 Patients Experiencing Medication Side Effects

Some epilepsy medications produce side effects that affect daily functioning. Severe fatigue, cognitive slowing, mood changes, or coordination problems may interfere with work or school. In certain cases, doctors may explore cannabis based therapies as part of an adjusted treatment plan. Any medication change requires careful monitoring to maintain seizure control.

11. Forms of Medical Marijuana for Epilepsy

Medical marijuana products appear in several forms. Each form differs in how quickly it enters the bloodstream and how long its effects last. For epilepsy treatment, doctors often prefer formulations that allow precise dosing. Oral preparations provide consistent absorption and easier dose adjustment. Understanding these forms helps you discuss treatment options with your physician.

11.1 Oils and Tinctures

Oils and tinctures represent the most common form used in epilepsy treatment. These preparations contain concentrated cannabinoids dissolved in carrier oils. Patients typically place the liquid under the tongue or swallow it. Liquid formulations allow precise dosing adjustments. Doctors often prefer this method when starting therapy because doses can increase gradually, and measured droppers help ensure consistent dosing. Absorption through oral tissues and the digestive system produces relatively steady cannabinoid levels. This method also allows doctors to monitor response and adjust doses based on seizure logs and patient tolerance.  

11.2 Capsules

Capsules contain measured doses of cannabinoids in a pill form. This format provides convenient and consistent dosing. Capsules may appeal to patients who prefer a familiar medication format and want a simple way to include cannabinoids in their daily medication routine. However, capsules pass through the digestive system before entering the bloodstream. This process may delay the onset of effects and may also cause absorption to vary depending on metabolism and food intake. For some patients, capsules provide a predictable dosing routine that fits easily into daily medication schedules and supports consistent long-term treatment.

11.3 Edibles

Edibles include foods infused with cannabinoids. While common in recreational cannabis markets, edibles present challenges for epilepsy treatment and medical dosing. Food-based products may vary in cannabinoid concentration depending on preparation and storage conditions. Digestive absorption can also produce unpredictable onset times and delayed effects. Because seizure management requires consistent dosing, many physicians avoid recommending edible products for medical epilepsy treatment and instead prefer formulations that allow accurate and repeatable dosing.

11.4 Vaporization

Vaporization involves heating cannabis extracts into an inhaled vapor. Inhalation produces rapid cannabinoid absorption through the lungs. Effects appear quickly because cannabinoids enter the bloodstream almost immediately. However, most epilepsy specialists do not recommend vaporization for seizure treatment. The short duration of inhaled cannabinoids can make it difficult to maintain stable levels throughout the day. Rapid dosing changes may complicate seizure management. Inhaled products also raise concerns about respiratory irritation and inconsistent dosing. For these reasons, oral formulations remain the most common approach in epilepsy care because they provide steadier absorption and allow more controlled dosing.

11.5 How Fast Each Product Works and How Long It Lasts

Onset Time Comparison

• Oils or tinctures: 30 to 60 minutes
• Capsules: 45 to 90 minutes
• Edibles: 60 to 120 minutes
• Vaporization: 2 to 5 minutes

Duration Comparison

• Oils or tinctures: 4 to 6 hours
• Capsules: 6 to 8 hours
• Edibles: 6 to 8 hours
• Vaporization: 2 to 3 hours

12. Dosing Guidelines

Cannabis dosing for epilepsy requires careful medical supervision. Unlike many medications that follow standardized dosing schedules, cannabinoid therapy often requires gradual adjustment. Doctors evaluate your response over time and modify doses based on seizure control and side effects. You should never attempt to determine dosing on your own. Seizure medications often interact with cannabinoids, and improper dosing may increase seizure risk or cause unwanted effects. Most specialists follow a cautious approach when introducing cannabidiol therapy.

12.1 Start Low and Increase Slowly

Doctors commonly use a method often described as starting with a low dose and increasing gradually. This approach allows your body to adjust while doctors monitor seizure activity and side effects. Beginning with small doses reduces the risk of fatigue, digestive discomfort, or medication interactions. If seizure control remains inadequate, the doctor may increase the dose slowly over several weeks. Gradual adjustment also helps identify the lowest effective dose. Maintaining lower doses when possible reduces the risk of side effects.

12.2 CBD Dominant Formulations

For epilepsy treatment, doctors typically recommend CBD-dominant preparations. These products contain very small amounts of THC or none at all. Limiting THC exposure reduces the risk of cognitive impairment and psychoactive effects. This approach is particularly important for children and adolescents whose brains are still developing. CBD-dominant therapy focuses on the compound with the strongest clinical evidence for seizure reduction. Physicians also prefer these formulations because they allow more precise dosing and reduce the risk of unwanted behavioral or cognitive side effects.

12.3 Weight-Based Dosing for Children

In pediatric epilepsy care, doctors sometimes calculate cannabidiol dosing based on body weight. Weight based dosing helps physicians adjust treatment as children grow and ensures the amount given matches the child’s size and metabolism. Neurologists monitor seizure frequency and side effects closely during these adjustments. Because children respond differently to medications than adults, treatment should always occur under specialist supervision. Doctors may also order periodic blood tests and review seizure logs to confirm that dosing remains safe and effective over time.

12.4 Importance of Neurologist Oversight

Epilepsy treatment requires coordination between medical providers. Your neurologist understands your seizure history, medication interactions, and diagnostic findings. This expertise helps guide decisions about whether cannabinoid therapy fits safely within your treatment plan. Before beginning cannabinoid therapy, doctors often review current medications and seizure patterns. Blood tests may also help establish baseline liver function and identify potential risks before treatment begins. During treatment, neurologists monitor seizure logs and adjust therapy as needed. Follow-up visits allow doctors to evaluate seizure control, check for side effects, and modify dosing when necessary.

12.5 Tracking Seizure Activity

Keeping a seizure log helps both you and your doctor evaluate treatment progress. Recording details about seizures allows physicians to identify patterns and evaluate treatment response over time. Important information to track includes:

• Seizure date and time
• Seizure duration
• Possible triggers such as stress, illness, or sleep loss
• Medication doses taken that day

Accurate records help doctors determine whether changes in treatment improve seizure control. Consistent documentation also helps your neurologist recognize patterns that may guide medication adjustments or lifestyle recommendations.

13. Medical Marijuana vs CBD from Retail Stores

Many people first learn about cannabidiol through retail products sold online or in health stores. These products often advertise CBD as a wellness supplement. However, retail CBD products differ significantly from medical cannabis therapies used for epilepsy. Understanding these disparities helps you make safer treatment decisions. Here’s a breakdown of the differences to watch out for.

13.1 Quality Control

Medical cannabis programs require strict product testing. Licensed producers must test cannabinoid content and screen for contaminants, including pesticides, heavy metals, and residual solvents.  These safety checks help ensure that patients receive products with verified purity and clearly labeled cannabinoid concentrations. Retail CBD products may not follow the same standards. Studies examining retail products have found significant differences between labeled and actual cannabinoid content. Inconsistent potency makes accurate dosing difficult and may lead to unreliable treatment results for patients managing seizure disorders.

13.2 Laboratory Testing

Medical cannabis products undergo laboratory testing that verifies cannabinoid concentration. These tests confirm the levels of CBD and THC in the product and check for contaminants, including pesticides, heavy metals, and microbial growth. Retail CBD products sometimes lack reliable third-party testing. Without verified laboratory reports, patients cannot confirm product strength or purity, which makes consistent dosing and safe medical use more difficult.

13.3 THC Content

Medical cannabis products clearly identify THC concentration. Regulated labeling helps patients and physicians understand exactly how much THC and CBD each product contains in each dose. Retail CBD products may contain trace amounts of THC even when labels claim otherwise. This discrepancy can create legal concerns, unexpected psychoactive effects, or failed drug tests. For epilepsy patients, knowing exact THC levels helps physicians guide treatment safely, adjust cannabinoid ratios, and reduce the risk of cognitive side effects or medication interactions.

13.4 Prescription Versus Non-Prescription Products

Prescription cannabidiol medications undergo extensive clinical research and regulatory review before receiving approval for medical use. Clinical trials evaluate safety, dosing, and effectiveness in patients with specific seizure disorders. Retail CBD supplements do not pass through the same approval process. Manufacturers can sell these products as supplements rather than medications. Because of this difference, doctors may hesitate to recommend retail products for seizure treatment, as potency, safety, and consistency may not be verified by rigorous testing standards.

13.5 Legal Protections

Patients enrolled in medical cannabis programs receive legal protection under state law. These protections allow qualified patients to obtain regulated cannabis products through licensed dispensaries. These protections also help ensure products meet state safety and testing requirements. Patients can access formulations that follow medical labeling standards. Retail CBD products may exist in a legal gray area depending on state regulations and THC content. When epilepsy treatment involves cannabinoids, regulated medical programs usually provide the safest and most reliable path for obtaining tested medical products.

14. Legal Status of Medical Marijuana for Epilepsy

Cannabis laws vary widely across the United States. Some states allow medical marijuana for specific conditions, while others maintain stricter policies. Epilepsy appears as a qualifying condition in many state medical cannabis programs. However, rules governing access, possession, and product types differ from state to state. Understanding these laws helps you access treatment legally and safely.

14.2 State Medical Marijuana Programs

Many states operate regulated medical marijuana programs. These programs allow patients with qualifying conditions to obtain cannabis products from licensed dispensaries that follow state safety and testing rules. Epilepsy frequently appears on the list of approved medical conditions. In most programs, patients must receive certification from a qualified physician before applying for a medical cannabis card. State health departments review applications and issue identification cards that allow legal purchase and possession within program guidelines.

14.3 States Recognizing Epilepsy

A large number of states specifically recognize epilepsy or seizure disorders as qualifying conditions for medical cannabis. This recognition allows patients to apply for medical cannabis programs when seizures remain difficult to control. Some states allow cannabidiol only products for seizure treatment. Others permit broader access to cannabis formulations containing different cannabinoid ratios and regulated THC levels. Because laws change over time, patients should always verify the current regulations in their state on official health department or medical cannabis program websites.

14.4 Federal Considerations

Under federal law, cannabis was long classified as a controlled substance with strict research and possession limits. As of 2025, federal regulators moved marijuana to Schedule III, which recognizes accepted medical use and lowers some research restrictions. However, states still regulate medical cannabis programs and patient access. The federal government also approved purified cannabidiol medication for certain epilepsy conditions. This approval and the Schedule III status both reflect growing recognition of cannabinoid therapies within modern medical research.

14.5 Traveling With Cannabis

Traveling with medical cannabis requires careful planning. Laws governing possession and transportation vary between states and may change frequently. Transporting cannabis across state lines may violate federal law even if both states permit medical cannabis use. Some states also limit the amount a patient may carry. Air travel policies vary depending on THC content and local regulations. Patients should review state laws and airline policies carefully before traveling with cannabis products to avoid legal or security complications.

15. How to Get Medical Marijuana for Epilepsy

Accessing medical cannabis for epilepsy involves several steps. Each step helps ensure treatment is conducted safely and legally. While the process varies slightly between states, most medical cannabis programs follow a similar structure. Understanding this process prepares you for discussions with healthcare providers and regulatory agencies.

Step 1: Confirm Your Diagnosis

The first step is to confirm your epilepsy diagnosis with a qualified physician. A clear diagnosis ensures that seizures are not caused by other conditions such as fainting disorders, sleep disorders, or metabolic issues. Neurologists typically review a patient's seizure history, diagnostic testing, and prior treatment attempts. Tests may include electroencephalogram recordings and brain imaging. Accurate diagnosis ensures that treatment decisions address the correct condition and guide appropriate therapy choices.

Step 2: Consult a Neurologist

A neurologist specializing in epilepsy can evaluate whether cannabis therapy may help in your case. This specialist understands seizure types, treatment guidelines, and medication interactions. The physician will review current medications, seizure patterns, and treatment history. This consultation helps determine whether cannabinoid therapy fits within your treatment plan and whether additional testing or monitoring may be necessary.

Step 3: Check State Eligibility

Next, you should review your state medical cannabis program to confirm that epilepsy qualifies for treatment. State health department websites usually provide detailed eligibility requirements and application steps. These requirements may include documentation of diagnosis and physician certification. Many patients also choose to consult with a certified medical cannabis provider such as DocMJ. Clinics like DocMJ connect patients with licensed physicians who evaluate qualifying conditions and help guide them through the medical cannabis card application process

Step 4: Apply for a Medical Marijuana Card

If you qualify, you can submit an application for a medical marijuana card through your state program. Many patients work with licensed cannabis physicians or clinics that guide them through the certification and application process. The application usually requires physician certification, identification documents, and application fees. Some clinics, such as DocMJ, help patients complete the medical evaluation and provide the documentation required for state registration. After approval, the state issues a medical cannabis identification card that allows you to purchase regulated products from licensed dispensaries.

Step 5: Visit a Licensed Dispensary

Once approved, you may purchase medical cannabis products from licensed dispensaries authorized by your state program. These dispensaries sell regulated products that meet state testing and labeling requirements. Dispensary staff often help patients select formulations that align with physician recommendations, such as CBD-dominant oils or capsules. You should always follow the dosing guidance provided by your healthcare provider and report any changes in seizure activity.

Step 6: Follow Up With Your Physician

Cannabis therapy requires ongoing monitoring to ensure safety and effectiveness. Neurologists often schedule follow-up appointments to review seizure frequency, medication interactions, and any side effects that may appear during treatment. Doctors may adjust doses or recommend different formulations based on your response and seizure patterns. Regular communication with your healthcare provider helps ensure treatment remains safe, effective, and aligned with your overall epilepsy management plan.

16. Pediatric Epilepsy and Cannabis

Pediatric epilepsy presents unique medical challenges. Children with severe seizure disorders may experience frequent seizures that disrupt development, learning, and daily life. When conventional treatments fail, families often explore additional therapies. Cannabidiol has received significant attention in pediatric epilepsy research because of its potential seizure-reducing effects without intoxicating properties. However, treating children requires careful medical oversight.

16.1 Special Considerations

Children respond differently to medications than adults because their brains and nervous systems are still developing throughout childhood and adolescence. Drug metabolism, sensitivity to side effects, and long-term neurological impact can vary significantly in pediatric patients. Because of this, doctors must evaluate treatment effects carefully and adjust dosing as children grow. Pediatric neurologists usually supervise cannabinoid therapy for children with severe seizure disorders and monitor seizure frequency, development, medication interactions, and overall neurological health during treatment.

16.2 Long-Term Safety Data

Researchers continue studying the long term safety of cannabidiol treatment in children with epilepsy. Early clinical trials show encouraging results regarding seizure reduction and general tolerability in pediatric patients. However, scientists continue monitoring developmental outcomes, cognitive function, and overall neurological health during extended treatment. Long-term studies remain essential for understanding the full impact of cannabinoid therapy during childhood and for identifying any potential effects on learning, behavior, or brain development over time.

16.3 Developmental Concerns

High THC exposure during childhood may affect attention, memory, and emotional regulation because the developing brain remains sensitive to psychoactive compounds. Research suggests that repeated exposure to high THC levels may influence learning, impulse control, and mood stability. For this reason, pediatric epilepsy treatment usually focuses on purified cannabidiol or CBD-dominant products with minimal THC content. Doctors carefully balance potential benefits with possible developmental risks while monitoring cognitive and behavioral changes during treatment.

16.4 School and Social Support

Children with epilepsy often require support within educational environments to maintain safety and consistent learning. Schools should understand the child’s condition and recognize signs that may appear before or during a seizure. Seizure action plans help teachers respond appropriately during seizure episodes and guide staff on when to provide assistance or seek medical help. Parents may also work with schools to arrange accommodations that support learning and safety, such as health plans, supervision during activities, and communication with school nurses.

16.5 Guidance for Parents

Parents play a central role in managing pediatric epilepsy treatment and coordinating care between doctors, schools, and caregivers. Careful observation at home often provides important information about how well treatments are working. Keeping detailed seizure logs helps doctors evaluate whether therapy improves seizure control. Parents should also monitor sleep patterns, appetite, mood, and medication side effects. Regular communication with neurologists ensures prompt treatment adjustments when needed and helps maintain safe, effective long-term seizure management.

17. Frequently Asked Questions

Patients and caregivers often have many questions when exploring medical marijuana for epilepsy. The topic combines complex medical science, evolving research, and legal considerations. Clear answers help you evaluate treatment options responsibly. The following questions address common concerns raised by patients and families.

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  Can medical marijuana cure epilepsy?

Medical marijuana does not cure epilepsy. Current treatments aim to control seizures rather than eliminate the condition entirely, since epilepsy often results from long-term changes in brain activity. Cannabidiol may reduce seizure frequency in certain patients. However, the underlying neurological disorder often remains present. Treatment usually involves a combination of therapies such as anti-seizure medications, dietary approaches, medical devices, or cannabinoid therapy that work together to manage seizure activity.

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  Is CBD safe for children with epilepsy?

Clinical studies show that purified cannabidiol can reduce seizures in some pediatric epilepsy syndromes. Doctors prescribe prescription cannabidiol for certain conditions such as Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, which often cause frequent seizures that resist standard medications. However, treatment should always occur under the supervision of a pediatric neurologist. Doctors monitor liver function, medication interactions, seizure frequency, and developmental progress throughout treatment to ensure therapy remains safe and effective.

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  Will medical marijuana make my child feel intoxicated?

CBD-dominant products contain little or no THC. Because THC causes intoxication, CBD-focused therapy generally does not produce a high and is preferred in epilepsy treatment, especially for children. Prescription cannabidiol medications do not produce intoxicating effects. Parents should still review product testing reports carefully to confirm THC levels when using medical cannabis products, since accurate labeling helps ensure consistent dosing and reduces the risk of unwanted psychoactive exposure.

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  How long does it take to see results?

Some patients notice changes in seizure frequency within several weeks of beginning treatment with cannabidiol. Early improvements may include fewer seizures or shorter seizure episodes, although responses vary between individuals. Doctors often increase doses gradually, which means full treatment effects may take time to appear as the body adjusts and physicians monitor for side effects. Maintaining a seizure log helps your physician evaluate whether seizure patterns change during treatment. Detailed records allow doctors to assess treatment effectiveness and adjust dosing safely.

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  Can I stop taking other seizure medications?

You should never stop seizure medications without medical guidance. Anti seizure drugs control electrical activity in the brain, and sudden withdrawal can increase seizure risk. Abrupt medication changes can trigger serious seizures or even status epilepticus. Neurologists may adjust medications slowly if seizure control improves, but these decisions require careful monitoring. Cannabidiol therapy often works alongside existing medications rather than replacing them. Doctors evaluate interactions carefully and adjust treatment gradually to maintain stable seizure control.

18. Patient Success Stories

Real-world experiences often motivate families to explore new treatments. While individual outcomes vary, patient stories illustrate how cannabinoid therapy may affect seizure management. These examples represent general patterns observed in epilepsy care. Patient privacy and medical confidentiality remain essential when sharing treatment experiences.

18.1 Pediatric Severe Epilepsy Case

From this study, we learn that one child diagnosed with Dravet syndrome experienced frequent seizures beginning in infancy. Despite trying several anti-seizure medications, the child continued experiencing daily seizures. After starting prescription cannabidiol therapy under a neurologist's supervision, seizure frequency decreased significantly. The family reported improved alertness and greater participation in daily activities. Although seizures did not disappear entirely, the reduction allowed the child to engage more comfortably in family and school routines.

18.2 Adult Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy Case

In this paper study, CBD was used as an add-on treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. An adult patient with treatment-resistant focal epilepsy experienced seizures several times each week despite multiple anti-seizure medications. These treatments provided only partial seizure control and caused fatigue and concentration problems. After adding cannabidiol therapy under neurologist supervision, seizure frequency decreased, and daytime alertness improved. The neurologist continued monitoring medication levels and seizure logs while adjusting treatment. Similar improvements have been reported in clinical research evaluating cannabidiol as add on therapy for treatment-resistant epilepsy. 

18.3 Quality of Life Improvements

Lastly, this study found that pharmacological CBD reduced seizure frequency and improved quality of life, behavior, and sleep disruption in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Families often report improvements that extend beyond seizure reduction. Some patients experience better sleep quality, improved mood stability, and greater ability to participate in school, work, and daily activities.  These outcomes show why quality of life is an important measure in epilepsy treatment research.  Clinical studies evaluating cannabidiol have also reported improvements in sleep and quality of life in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Not every patient experiences the same results, but these real-world outcomes continue to encourage further research into cannabinoid therapies.

19. When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention

Epilepsy management often occurs at home with support from healthcare providers. However, certain situations require urgent medical attention. Recognizing warning signs helps protect patient safety. These are some of the signs to look out for to know if one needs immediate medical attention.

19.1 Status Epilepticus

Status epilepticus occurs when a seizure lasts longer than five minutes or when multiple seizures occur without full recovery between episodes.  This condition is considered a neurological emergency because prolonged seizure activity can damage brain cells and interfere with breathing. Immediate medical care is required to stop the seizure and stabilize the patient. Emergency treatment may include medications that suppress seizure activity, monitoring of breathing and heart function, and hospital evaluation to identify the underlying cause.

19.2 Sudden Increase in Seizure Frequency

If seizures suddenly increase in number or severity, you should contact your healthcare provider promptly. A sudden change in seizure patterns may indicate worsening epilepsy control or complications related to treatment. Medication changes, illness, sleep disruption, stress, or metabolic changes may trigger seizure escalation. Doctors may adjust medications, review recent treatment changes, or recommend additional evaluation, such as blood tests, medication level checks, or neurological monitoring to determine the cause and restore seizure stability.

19.3 Severe Medication Side Effects

Cannabinoid therapy and conventional seizure medications may cause side effects in some patients, particularly when treatments interact with other anti seizure drugs. Severe fatigue, persistent vomiting, unusual confusion, jaundice, or signs of liver problems require prompt medical evaluation. Blood testing and medication review may help identify the cause. Doctors may also check liver enzyme levels, evaluate drug interactions, and adjust doses to prevent complications and maintain safe seizure management.

19.4 Allergic Reactions

Although rare, allergic reactions to medications or cannabis products can occur. These reactions may develop soon after exposure and can progress rapidly if left untreated. Symptoms may include swelling of the face or throat, difficulty breathing, hives, itching, or a widespread rash. Immediate medical attention is necessary if these symptoms appear. Emergency providers may administer medications such as antihistamines or epinephrine to control the reaction. Recognizing these warning signs allows patients and caregivers to seek prompt care and prevent serious complications.

20. Key Takeaways on Medical Marijuana and Epilepsy

Medical marijuana has become an important area of research in epilepsy treatment. Scientific studies show that cannabidiol can reduce seizure frequency in certain patients, particularly those with severe treatment-resistant conditions. However, cannabinoid therapy should always occur under medical supervision. Epilepsy treatment requires careful coordination between neurologists, patients, and caregivers. If you are considering medical cannabis for seizure control, speak with a qualified healthcare provider who understands your medical history and treatment goals.

States Where This Condition Qualifies for Medical Marijuana

Start Your Medical Cannabis Journey with DocMJ

At DocMJ, we help patients explore medical cannabis treatment through professional evaluations and clear guidance. Our licensed medical staff review your condition, answer your questions, and determine whether you qualify for a medical marijuana card. Schedule an appointment with us today and take the next step toward safe, medically supervised cannabis care.

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Citations/ Bibliography

1. Zack, M. M., & Kobau, R. (2017). National and state estimates of the numbers of adults and children with active epilepsy — United States, 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 66(31), 821–825. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6631a1
2. World Health Organization. (2024). Epilepsy. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy
3. Devinsky, O., Cross, J. H., Laux, L., Marsh, E., Miller, I., Nabbout, R., Scheffer, I. E., Thiele, E. A., Wright, S., et al. (2017). Trial of cannabidiol for drug resistant seizures in the Dravet syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(21), 2011–2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1611618
4. Devinsky, O., Patel, A. D., Cross, J. H., Villanueva, V., Wirrell, E. C., Privitera, M., Greenwood, S. M., Roberts, C., Checketts, D., VanLandingham, K. E., & Zuberi, S. M. (2018). Effect of cannabidiol on drop seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(20), 1888–1897. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1714631
5. Maa, E., & Figi, P. (2014). The case for medical marijuana in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 55(6), 783–786. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12610